Apparatus required :

CCL₄ manometer, H_g manometer.

Procedure :

1. Keep the bypass valve completely open and the main valve completely closed. Switch on the pump.
2. Connect a CCL₄ manometer across the packed bed. Open the main valve and allow the fluid to flow through the bed.
3. Wait till steady state is attained
4. Note down the manometer reading and the flow rate using the rotameter.
5. Increase the flow rate by opening the main valve and throttling the bypass valve suitably and repeat steps (3) and (4).
6. Use Hg manometer at higher flow rates.
7. After completing the experiment, close the main valve. Switch off the pump. Determine the void volume by draining water from the column.

Data :

Nominal pipe(column) diameter =
Actual pipe(column) diameter = D =      m
Length of the packed bed = L =      m

Density of fluid = =           kg/m³
Viscosity of fluid= =           cp
Density of CCL₄ = _CCL4 =          kg/m³
Density of Hg =   _Hg=           kg/m³

Observations :

Volume of voids = m³
= Sphericity =
Specific surface area = S = m²/m³= surface area/Unit bed area

Calculations :

Flow rate:
Pressure drop in cm of manometric fluid =
Bed Porosity = = void volume/volume of bed

Cross sectional area of the bed = =     m²

Volume of bed = *L=m³

Equivalent diameter of the particles, D_p=6(1-)/*S=   m

Mass flow rate = = Volumetric flowrate * density

Superficial mass velocity, G₀=/cross sectionalarea of tower= kg/s.m²

_m and are density of manometric fluid and density of fluid .
=     N/m²

Modified Reynolds number,
N_Rep=D_p*G₀/
= viscosity of fluid

Plot vs G₀ on log - log Graph
Find the slope = n
Then
Calculate Modified friction factor

Verify Ergun's Equation given below


Plot f_pvs 1/N_Rep on an ordinary graph sheet. Find the slope and intercept.

Check for the validity of Ergun's equation

plot f_theo vs N_Rep on a log-log graph.

Results :

Comment on effect of modified Reynolds number on modified friction factor. Comment on effect of superficial mass velocity on process drop across the bed and report n.